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Avro 504 A
role : two-seat unarmed reconnaissance
first flight : juli 1913 at Brooklands operational : June 1914
country : United-Kingdom
design : Alliot Verdon Roe
production : 504A unknown, 504 total more then 10.000 aircraft
general information :
During trials at the Royal Aircraft Factory in November 1913 the Avro 504 reached a speed of 130 km/u. On 10 Februar 1914 Raynham set a new British record for height reaching 4395m. On 10 August 1914 the 504 prototype crashed during take off.
On 9 Augustus 1914, five days after the outbreak of the war, England send his airforce to France, a total of 37 aircraft. Among these there were also Avro 504A’s. On 22 august 1914 a Avro 504A of 5sq RFC was unfortunate to be the first British aircraft to be shot down. It was flown by Lt.Waterfall and Lt.Bayly. The wreckage of the aircraft was the first indication for the Germans the BEF had arrived in France.
Avro 504’s made the first ever strategic bombraid on 21 November 1914. Three RNAS 504’s took of from Belfort flew the 195 km to Friedrichshafen and bombed the Zeppelin-sheds. Each 504 carried four 10 kg bombs. One Zeppelin was damaged and a gasstation destroyed. One 504 was lost during the attack.
The Avro 504B was used by the RNAS, it had a bigger tailplane. The Avro 504C and D were single-seaters for use against Zeppelin’s. The front seat was covered and replaced by a fueltank.
The 504 was easy to fly, it was strong and had a simple construction easy to repair. Many different versions were built, they were used for the defense of London against Zeppelins, but most built Avro 504’s were used as trainer. In this role they were still used long after the war. More then 10.000 504’s in total were built.
Important trainer versions were the 504J of 1916 built in large numbers and the 504K which could use all available rotary engines.
users : RFC, RNAS
crew : 2
armament : no fixed armament
engine : 1 Gnome 7A Monosoupape air-cooled 7 -cylinder Monosoupape rotary engine 80 [hp](58.8 KW)
dimensions :
wingspan : 10.97 [m], length : 8.97 [m], height : 3.18[m]
wing area : 30.65 [m^2]
weights :
max.take-off weight : 714 [kg]
empty weight operational : 425 [kg] bombload : 45 [kg]
performance :
maximum speed : 125 [km/hr] at sea-level
climbing speed : 150 [m/min]
service ceiling : 3950 [m]
endurance : 3.0 [hours]
estimated action radius : 169 [km]
description :
2-bay biplane with fixed landing gear and tail strut
two spar upper and lower wing
engines, landing gear, fuel and bombs in or attached to the fuselage
airscrew :
fixed pitch 2 -bladed tractor airscrew with max. efficiency :0.66 [ ]
estimated diameter airscrew 2.74 [m]
angle of attack prop : 15.05 [ ]
reduction : 1.00 [ ]
airscrew revs : 1200 [r.p.m.]
pitch at Max speed 1.74 [m]
blade-tip speed at Vmax and max revs. : 176 [m/s]
calculation : *1* (dimensions)
mean wing chord : 1.40 [m]
calculated wing chord (rounded tips): 1.55 [m]
wing aspect ratio : 7.85 []
estimated gap : 1.66 [m]
gap/chord : 1.19 [ ]
seize (span*length*height) : 313 [m^3]
calculation : *2* (fuel consumption)
oil consumption : 6.5 [kg/hr]
fuel consumption(cruise speed) : 16.9 [kg/hr] (23.1 [litre/hr]) at 68 [%] power
distance flown for 1 kg fuel : 6.65 [km/kg]
estimated total fuel capacity : 79 [litre] (58 [kg])
calculation : *3* (weight)
weight engine(s) dry : 109.4 [kg] = 1.86 [kg/KW]
weight 27 litre oil tank : 2.3 [kg]
oil tank filled with 0.4 litre oil : 0.4 [kg]
oil in engine 0 litre oil : 0.3 [kg]
fuel in engine 0 litre fuel : 0.3 [kg]
weight 10 litre gravity patrol tank(s) : 1.5 [kg]
weight cowling 2.4 [kg]
weight airscrew(s) (wood) incl. boss & bolts : 13.5 [kg]
total weight propulsion system : 128 [kg](17.9 [%])
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fuselage skeleton (wood gauge : 5.52 [cm]): 70 [kg]
bracing : 4.4 [kg]
fuselage covering ( 15.2 [m2] doped linen fabric) : 4.9 [kg]
weight controls + indicators: 6.4 [kg]
weight seats : 6.0 [kg]
weight other details, lighting set, etc. : 5.1 [kg]
weight bomb storage : 3.2 [kg]
weight 69 [litre] main fuel tank empty : 5.5 [kg]
weight engine mounts & firewalls : 3 [kg]
total weight fuselage : 108 [kg](15.2 [%])
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weight wing covering (doped linen fabric) : 20 [kg]
total weight ribs (42 ribs) : 42 [kg]
load on front upper spar (clmax) per running metre : 522.3 [N]
load on rear upper spar (vmax) per running metre : 178.6 [N]
total weight 8 spars : 36 [kg]
weight wings : 98 [kg]
weight wing/square meter : 3.20 [kg]
weight 8 interplane struts & cabane : 17.2 [kg]
weight cables (67 [m]) : 3.8 [kg] (= 57 [gram] per metre)
diameter cable : 3.0 [mm]
weight fin & rudder (1.4 [m2]) : 4.7 [kg]
weight stabilizer & elevator (3.4 [m2]): 11.3 [kg]
total weight wing surfaces & bracing : 135 [kg] (18.9 [%])
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weight armament : 0 [kg]
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wheel pressure : 357.0 [kg]
weight 2 wheels (740 [mm] by 82 [mm]) : 16.5 [kg]
weight tailskid : 1.8 [kg]
weight undercarriage with axle 20.8 [kg]
total weight landing gear : 39.0 [kg] (5.5 [%]
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calculated empty weight : 410 [kg](57.4 [%])
weight oil for 3.6 hours flying : 23.3 [kg]
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calculated operational weight empty : 433 [kg] (60.7 [%])
published operational weight empty : 425 [kg] (59.5 [%])
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weight crew : 162 [kg]
weight fuel for 2.0 hours flying : 34 [kg]
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operational weight : 629 [kg](88.1 [%])
bomb load : 45 [kg]
operational weight bombing mission : 674 [kg]
weight camera : 20 [kg]
operational weight photo mission : 649 [kg]
fuel reserve : 24 [kg] enough for 1.40 [hours] flying
possible additional useful load : 41 [kg]
operational weight fully loaded : 714 [kg] with fuel tank filled for 100 [%]
published maximum take-off weight : 714 [kg] (100.0 [%])
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calculation : * 4 * (engine power)
power loading (operational without bombload) : 10.69 [kg/kW]
total power : 58.8 [kW] at 1200 [r.p.m]
calculation : *5* (loads)
manoeuvre load : 2.4 [g] at 1000 [m]
limit load : 3.75 [g] ultimate load : 5.6 [g] loadfactor : 2.2 [g]
design flight time : 2.40 [hours]
design cycles : 375 sorties, design hours : 900 [hours]
operational wing loading : 208 [N/m^2]
wing stress (3 g) during operation : 195 [N/kg] at 3g emergency manoeuvre
calculation : *6* (angles of attack)
angle of attack zero lift : -1.17 ["]
max.angle of attack (stalling angle) : 12.29 ["]
angle of attack at max.speed : 2.06 ["]
calculation : *7* (lift & drag ratios
lift coefficient at angle of attack 0° :0.10 [ ]
lift coefficient at max. angle of attack : 1.15 [ ]
lift coefficient at max.speed : 0.28 [ ]
induced drag coefficient at max.speed : 0.0055 [ ]
drag coefficient at max.speed : 0.0488 [ ]
drag coefficient (zero lift) : 0.0433 [ ]
calculation : *8* (speeds
stalling speed at sea-level (OW): 61 [km/u]
landing speed at sea-level (OW without bombload): 73 [km/hr]
min.drag speed (max endurance) : 82 [km/hr] at 1975 [m](power :45 [%])
min. power speed (max range) : 91 [km/hr] at 1975 [m] (power:49 [%])
max.rate of climb speed : 77.5 [km/hr] at sea-level
cruising speed : 112 [km/hr] op 1975 [m] (power:68 [%])
design speed prop : 119 [km/hr]
maximum speed : 125 [km/hr] op 100 [m] (power:99 [%])
climbing speed at sea-level (without bombload) : 185 [m/min]
calculation : *9* (regarding various performances)
take-off distance at sea-level : 124 [m]
lift/drag ratio : 8.95 [ ]
max. practical ceiling : 5025 [m] with flying weight :523 [kg]
practical ceiling (operational weight): 3975 [m] with flying weight :629 [kg]
practical ceiling fully loaded (mtow- 1 hour fuel) : 3350 [m] with flying weight :697 [kg]
published ceiling (3950 [m]
climb to 1500m (without bombload) : 9.23 [min]
climb to 3000m (without bombload) : 24.02 [min]
max.dive speed : 286.0 [km/hr] at 2350 [m] height
load factor at max.angle turn 1.83 ["g"]
turn radius at 500m: 38 [m]
time needed for 360* turn 10.0 [seconds] at 500m
calculation *10* (action radius & endurance)
operational endurance : 3.40 [hours] with 2 crew and 61 [kg] useful (bomb)load and 100.0 [%] fuel
published endurance : 3.00 [hours] with 2 crew and possible useful (bomb) load : 68 [kg] and 88.1 [%] fuel
action radius : 328 [km] with 2 crew and 20[kg] photo camera/radio transmitter or bombload
max range theoretically with additional fuel tanks for total 272 [litre] fuel : 1328 [km]
useful load with action-radius 250km : 124 [kg]
production : 14.00 [tonkm/hour]
oil and fuel consumption per tonkm : 1.67 [kg]
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Literature :
Jagdflugzuege WOI page 19
Historische vliegtuigen page 83,156
Praktisch Handboek vliegtuigen deel 1 page166,167
Oorlogsvliegtuigen 14-18 page 53,54,55
Jane’s Fighter Aircraft WOI page 50,51
Gevechtsvliegtuigen 14-18 deel 1 page12
The friendless sky page 33
They fought fort he sky page 19,60
Warplanes page 15, 26
DISCLAIMER Above calculations are based on published data, they must be
regarded as indication not as facts.
Calculated performance and weight may not correspond with actual weights
and performances and are assumptions for which no responsibility can be taken.
Calculations are as accurate as possible, they can be fine-tuned when more data
is available, you are welcome to give suggestions and additional information
so we can improve our program.
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(c) B van der Zalm 04 January 2019 contact : info.aircraftinvestigation@gmail.com python 3.7.2(32-bit)